The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 2074 Words

The cold war can be described as a state of political, military and economic tension between the western world and its democratic ideals and Eastern Europe who shared that communist ideology. It was however lead mainly by the two super powers that rose at the end of the Second World War, the United States and the USSR. The War put a lot of pressure on both Britain and France in terms of their economic and military resources as they were still recovering from the consequences of the First World War and so left them drained towards the end of the Second World War when Germany was defeated. The US and the Soviet Union were the only countries left who still held a significant amount of power and so the rise in their power inevitably lead to†¦show more content†¦After the downfall of Germany, allied countries ceased control over the region and divided it into 4 zones. Each of which would be controlled by, America, France, Britain and the Soviet Union. Berlin, for example was unde r the control of the soviet however the capital was also divided into four zones with each ally having jurisdiction over a zone. (Clare, .) Over time the democratic countries merged together their individual zones and formed the Federal Republic of Germany as a result. Tensions began to rise between West Germany and the soviet controlled Germany. This polarisation of Germany not only shows us how the ideological view point of each ally changed and effected German politics in the east and the west, but also as Germany as a whole. This can be seen when comparing the level of economic development of the west to the south. West Germanys’ political ideology came from the democratic countries and essentially allowed it to also become a stable democracy. This political influence allowed West Germany to be included in some European affairs and also helped regain trust within some European counties who, at this point did not trust Germany and did not want to be affiliated with then i n anyway. An example of this, is the treaty signed by France and Germany which is known

Inequality of Income and Wealth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1372 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Finance Essay Level High school Topics: Income Inequality Essay Did you like this example? Income inequality has an increasing financial impact on the distribution of wealth: top income is saved at high rates, wealth concentration increases; in turn, rising income inequality leads to a higher concentration of capital income, which increases top income and wealth shares further. Income inequalities have consistently changed Americans since the American dream came true. The American Dream is founded around the concept of working strenuous and earning enough cash to provide for a family, purchase a home, being able to send children to college and make investments for retirement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inequality of Income and Wealth" essay for you Create order Economic addition in income is one of the solely viable ways to obtain enough wealth to fulfill the dreaming Unfortunately, many human beings cannot acquire this dream due to low income. Income inequality refers to the uneven distribution of profits and wealth between the social classes of American citizens. The United Country has frequently known a rise in inequality as the prosperous become richer and the poor emerge as poorer, increasing the unstable gap between the two income groups. A certain income inequality is effective as a result of it provides citizens incentives to overwork and look at new business concepts in hopes of reaping huge rewards. Vast income inequality misuse society due to bigger difference silence upward quality between generations, creating it tougher for gifted and hard-working individuals to urge the rewards they are. A widening financial gain difference harms society as a result of Americans with completely different} financial gain levels differ in their policy preferences; actual policy outcomes powerfully replicate the preferences of the foremost affluent however bear just about no relationship of poor or middle-income Americans. The most vital reason income inequality misuse society has an excessive amount of financial gain generations is that the recent winner-take-all economy helped trigger the huge recession, departure the majority with stagnant incomes. So, youll see that through an explicit quantity of income inequality is effect ive as a result of it offers individuals incentives to figure exhausting and look at new business ideas, in hopes of reaping massive rewards, harms society for 2 main reasons. First, larger difference stifles upward quality between generations, creating it tougher for proficient and hard-working individuals to urge the rewards they are. However most significantly, having an excessive amount of financial gain focused at the highest compromises the power of a democracy to provide an equal political voice to all people. Second, the wealthy are more likely to be able to afford to pay for their own wealth. Therefore, the wealthy are so much richer than they are. Given these basic truths about income inequality, its difficult to guess why there is a lot of commotion about earnings inequality in the country. Its evident that wealth can continue to increase at the hands of the rich. This is the unavoidable consequence of the market-based capitalistic economy we live in. Theres no purpose planning about it?† it constitutes what it equals, and it aint gonna move. Its a matter of time before the government is able to make money. If youre a citizen of a country, your income will be higher than the average American. So, if youre a wealthy citizen, then your income is going to be lower than the rest of the world. Thats why you need to pay taxes. The government is supposed to be a good example of how the economy is doing. The government is trying to make money from the rich, and the poor will be able to afford to pay for it. The government is going to be able to do this, and the economy will be more stable. Theres a lot of money to be spent on the economy, but it doesnt really matter. Were going to have to pay taxes, and thats what makes us happy. Were going to have to get back to the basics. Well be able to make money, and then, if youre going to buy a house, and your car is in the middle of nowhere, and you dont have a job, and thats a good thing. The government will be able to pay for it, and well be paying taxes. The government will be able to do this, and the economy will be a better place. In brief, the extent of inequality in America is habitually and grossly overstated. More significant, the main argument for this unfairness of income inequality fails because the prosperity of the wealthy does not injure the poor. Income inequality as much is not behind this issue of poverty. These wealthy, put differently, are not the reason why the poor are bad. They are not the only ones who are able to afford to pay for their own health. The rich are poor, and they are poorer. The wealthy are richer, and the rich are more productive. The poor are the ones who are the most vulnerable to poverty. There is no such thing as a good life, and it is not the fault of the poor. Income differences feeling on world Income inequality is on this increase and it is apparent at most cities throughout the United States. There are people with six to seven shape incomes and so there are people whose income is only enough to go by. This middle class is not as large as the upper and poor class. That should remain vice versa. The wealthy, the middle class and the bad. These so-called titles represent determining Americans nowadays. What constitutes income inequality and why is it the question? Income inequality is the degree to which income is spread at the population. In the United States, the disparity between the poor and the wealthy has extended vastly over the last ten years. Income inequality is a constantly debated issue nowadays with various beliefs and answers; economists, authors, and politicians all have different views. There are many factors that affect the economy, such as the economic growth of the United States, the rise of the American middle class, the lack of education, the need for a new social security, the inability to work, the ability to do things, the fear of being forced to conform to the norm. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic system, the social structure, the environment, the people, the society, the way we live, the way we interact with our neighbors, the world, the culture, the environment, the activities, the relationships, the ways of life. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic growth, the social security, the financial system, the governments policies, the political environment, the media, the media, the public, the press, the internet, the internet. There are many factors that af fect the economy, such as the economic recession, the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, the level of unemployment, the amount of money, the number of people who are unemployed, the percentage of the population, the age of the individual, the degree of poverty, the availability of resources, the ability to work, the education, the skills, the knowledge, the skill, the skills, the training, the support, the time, the resources, the tools, the technology. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic growth, the unemployment rate, the level of unemployment, the amount of money, the income, the number of people, the social status, the education, the employment, the job, the jobs. There are many factors that affect the economy, such as the economic growth, the unemployment rate, the inflation, the recession, the increase in the price of goods, the demand for the products, the prices of the product. These factors are the economic, social, technological, political, economic, technological, legal, environmental, and cultural. The economic factors are the factors that affect the economy, the government, the environment, the people, the society, the way of life. The economic factors are the external factors, which are the macro environment, the political, social, technological, and environmental. The economic factors are the external forces, which are the internal and external factors. The primary catalysts of income inequality: Economists mostly attribute the increase of income inequality to three components; field replacing workers, non-college-educated forces being moved by globalisation and inadequate government planning. The variable frequently neglected, when talking about the topic, is Americas changing position on income distribution.

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Essay on Short stories - 1134 Words

Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The short stories â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Mocomber† were both written by world renowned author Ernest Hemingway. The two stories are written completely unrelated to each other; however, both stories have vast similarities in the time and place in which they take place. Hemingway is a writer that is very methodical in his word choices. When reading these two stories a second time the reader finds considerable differences in the writing style the author uses in each story. To demonstrate, three sentences from each story will be compared and contrasted to show the differences in word usage, word connotation, and to find which story is written better. The initial pair†¦show more content†¦The word â€Å"plummeted† as defined in the American Heritage Dictionary â€Å"is to fall straight down; plunge†. The two words are close in meaning; however, â€Å"plummeted† is a better word for the sheer reason that the reader can directly visualize the vultures dive toward earth. When the word â€Å"plummeted† is heard a person thinks of plunging to death or fall at in incredible rate. â€Å"Plummeted† is much more dramatic and defining then the word â€Å"planed.† The word â€Å"Planned† could have various images connected with it. â€Å"Planed† leaves the reader too many options when visualizing the vultures decent to the ground. For example the reader might visualize the vulture gliding down to the ground or zigzagging to the ground. The word ‘Plummeted† is a better defined and more dramatic word. Making the sentence, â€Å"On the far bank of the stream Macomber could see, above the trees, vultures circling and plummeting down,† the better sentence of the two. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next two sentences, â€Å"’You Bitch,’ he said,† from the â€Å"Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"’Why not let up on the bitchery just a little, Margot,’ Macomber said, cutting the eland steak and putting some mashed potato, gravy and carrot on the down-turned fork that tined through the piece of meat,† again have similarities. For example, in each sentence the husband is calling his wife a bitch of sorts; however, it is the use of this word that makes these sentencesShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Kate Chopin, the Awakening Free Essays

The Awakening by Kate Chopin 1st half: Page 1-60 Plot Summary: Leonce Pontellier and Edna Pontellier take their children to Grand Isle to spend their summer vacation. While on that trip Edna learns how to swim which becomes a huge revelation to her, in a sense of gaining some control over her life. Also Edna makes a great connection with Robert Lebrun, a charming man who pursues to obtain Edna’s attention and affections. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Chopin, the Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now As he flees to Mexico, the narrative of the story shifts to Edna’s complexed feelings towards Robert and her search for social freedom. With the summer being over and Edna going back to New Orleans with her husband, Edna gradually re-evaluate her priorities and takes a more active role in her own happiness, as she starts to withdraw from some of the duties traditionally associated with motherhood and as a house-wife. Themes: * Self-destruction: The illusion of being able to control oneself, while being controlled by society and other circumstances around you will eventually lead to self-destruction. Edna the protagonist is in search for social liberation, and fundamentally ends up self-destructing herself by taking an action she believes can only be controlled by herself. ) * Femininity: The restrictions and expectations put on a woman are purely on stereotypical and repressive images about a societally accepted idea of femininity. (In the era that Edna lived in, the gender ro les were set in stone, men would work and women would be set to be home and take care of the kids and house, women like Edna were seen as possessions and trophies. * Identity: Dissatisfaction with the labels put on individuals can result in the loss of identity and the desire for independence outside of society. ( The discontent with the labels Edna has as ‘wife†, â€Å"mother† has resulted in the loss of her true identity, however the desire to gain back her identity leads her to social alienation and many controversies. ) Characters: * Edna Pontellier: The protagonist of the novel, was described as â€Å"She was rather handsome than beautiful. Her face was captivating by reason of a certain frankness of expression and a contradictory subtle play of features. Her manner was engaging† (4). Wife of Leonce and a mother. Is presented as a complex and dynamic characters that develops throughout the story. Edna a very preserved individual who follows the attributes of society, develops quite aggressively from being a conserved young women to an individual who violets all of the morals that were set in her society. Robert Lebrun: A complex character who encounters himself in a love triangle with married woman, he plays a big part in Edna’s awakening. As he escapes to Mexico to flee from a relationship that was not allowed to happen, leading the novel to hit the climax of the story. * Leonce Pontellier: is described as â€Å"wore eyeglasses. He was a man of forty, of medium height and rather slender build; he stooped a little. His hair was brown and straight, parted on one side. His beard was neatly and closely trimme d. (1) Edna’s husband, Leonce plays a big part in the novel, he is a man who treats women as properties and values, very materialist and spends his time away from home doing business. Setting: * The Awakening is set in the late nineteenth century on Grand Isle, off the coast of Louisiana, where the summers are spent. It continues to New Orleans where Edna and her family live, in a relative luxurious house in the French quarters, â€Å"a very charming home [†¦] it was a large, double cottage with a broad front veranda, [†¦] the house was painted a dazzling white. (49) * Society in the nineteenth century was very repressed, women had to obey their husbands and duties, as Edna become more ‘awakened† and self-dependent, her society begins to isolate her. Literary Devices: * Children: The imagery and verbal illusion of children are present throughout the novel. Edna is often symbolically seen as a child, her undergoing a form of re-birth as she sees the worl d from a fresh perspective. * Water: symbolic, water represents re-birth. Edna awakened while swimming where she realized that she could be the only one who can control her own movements. Birds: The caged birds symbolically represent Edna’s entrapment in society, as well as the women in the nineteenth century in general. â€Å"A green and yellow parrot, which hung in a cage outside. †(1) Other Critical Approaches: * Archetypal Approach (Metamorphosis/change): Edna undergoes a sudden but dramatic transformation, going from a conservative role to an independent woman. (As Edna obeys her husband and follows the rules of society, but transforms into a woman who goes by her own rules, and dismisses every task given to her. ) How to cite Kate Chopin, the Awakening, Essay examples

Reward and Fairness Issues in Performance Related Pay free essay sample

Performance related pay (PRP) is a financial rewarding system which is directly associated with the work accomplishment of employees. It seems that the basis of this process is cash or bonus payment: employees will be awarded cash or bonus when they achieve a greater performance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system of payment by performance was widely applied in both private and public sectors in many organizations in the United Kingdom. Brown and Armstrong (1999) claimed that there are more than 50 percent of the UK companies had implemented this method to motivate their employees during that time. However, in fact, Kohn (1993) indicated that there are not quite much research existing which explicitly indicates that performance related pay is an effective procedure to encourage employees to improve their work. Furthermore, there are even some studies indicating that this system could be a de-motivator when workers distrust it. This article will explore the ineffectiveness of performance related pay from two perspectives and then try to provide possible solutions as well as evaluations for managers who are facing similar problems. The first perspective is the reward issue which may not attract employees to work harder. This problem may occur as a result of the different expectation of each individual in rewards. Secondly, the fairness issue, the transparency of organizations to measure their employee performance could cause the curiosity among employees. Once employees feel unfair, the PRP system will become meaningless. 2. Reward Issue Performance related pay relies on the expectancy theory that the sufficient size of rewards can motivate people (Wood and Maguire, 1993). When organizations apply this concept to the payment system, which is a financial reward, they have an assumption that workers may improve their performance if a high amount of salary or bonus is offered in return. However, according Brown and Armstrong (2000), some workers claimed that the extra pay was too low and it could not motivate them. Cannell and Wood (1992) even claimed that if the extra money is lower than six percentage of worker’s basic salary, employees might feel that they were insulted and it could de-motivate them. Consequently, the performance related pay tends to fail nd company could not motivate employees. In fact, the real problem in this issue might not be the amount of the reward offered to workers but might be the type of the provided reward that does not match employees’ preference. The following sections will discuss about the improvement of this scheme by using non-financial rewards and allowing employee to design their own rewards. Solution 1) Non-financial Rewards It may be concluded from the above information that insufficient financial rewards might not improve the performance of individuals. In other words, it could be said that money would not attract every employee, managerial staff in particular. Williams (2002) noted that the majority of upper managers felt the most significant factor which motivated them should not be the money. The authentic motivator is probably the achievements in their career path and their high self-esteem. All of those things could be called as non-financial rewards. Furthermore, there are some evidences illustrating noticeably that the majority of employees in both private and public sectors value non-financial rewards higher than money rewarding. The information that was provided by Institute of Personnel Management (1992) clearly showed that the respondents from both private and public organizations rated the importance of promotion higher than that of pay. The score of pay method from public employees and private employees are 3. 67 and 4. 11 respectively, whereas, they regarded promotion aspect as 5. 07 and 5. 78 on the same scale. The non-financial reward is one of the ways of organizations to award employees in terms of motivation. There are many interesting contents of non-financial rewards such as job enlargement, freedom concerning job duties, formal commendations and promotion. Job enlargement is to assign more jobs to workers in order to enhance their responsibility that allows them to complete the whole cycle of work process instead of one part concerning. As to freedom concerning job duties, it increases more independence in decision making that relates to the responsible tasks of employees. The formal commendations could demonstrate the appreciation of employees’ performance and value the importance of works they have done. In addition, the promise of enhancing the chance of promotion can be used as reward when workers accomplish a certain standard or present best performance in certain periods. Generally speaking, the main purpose of these rewards is to improve the satisfaction of employees by building up their self-recognition and personal achievement. The attractiveness of non-financial incentive could be illustrated clearly by a simple example of the dedication to adored leisure activities or hobbies of individuals. Even though they would not receive any money from those activities, they still keep doing them. Evaluation of Non-financial Rewards Each person could be motivated by different things. Therefore, matching rewards with every employee’s expectation needs to be realized as Williams (2002) suggested. Moreover, factors that motivate employees really well in one level might de-motivate or create dissatisfactions in other levels. Consequently, to realize the real motivator of each employee, organizations should have effective communication between workers and the employers. This communication scheme will be discussed in the following section. 2) Employee Involvement Thorpe and Homan (2000) suggest that involvement of employees can be one factor that makes performance-related pay succeed. This involvement, for example, can be a feedback about appraisal system or a performance target they have to achieve. This section will focus on one aspect of involvement which is discovering employees’ preferred rewards in performance related pay. Finding this preference can be applied to both financial and non-financial rewards. For financial reward, organizations may negotiate with employees and reach an agreement on how much amount of pay should be offered. Nevertheless, this strategy can only be done in the precondition that organizations have enough budgets to offer when the workers require more pay. For non-financial reward, according to previous section, employers need to understand factors that can motivate their workers and therefore use them as rewards in performance related pay. For example, organizations such as National Health Service in UK may need to find the real motivators of its employees, because in a research some respondents from NHS expressed they were not working for the money (Cannell and Wood, 1992). Apart from finding the preference which is a main target of this involvement, a company may gain another important benefit from this communication by implicating the recognition into the rewards. To illustrate this, Cannell and Wood (1992) argued that the recognition might motivate employees more than monetary reward if that individual has already been satisfied with their current level of salary. Cannell and Wood explained that employees might feel greatly motivated when they get rewards because their hard work was recognized widely in workplaces. This recognition may also occur when managers provide opportunities for employees to express their feelings. It may send a message to the workers that they are parts of the organizations and the organizations are really caring about how to satisfy them. When organization actually provides that promised reward, the same reward can be more meaningful to the workers as they has been recognized both designing state and rewarding state of performance-related pay. As a result, this involvement system may motivate workers and could lead to better performance eventually (Gennard and Judge, 2002). Evaluation of Employee Involvement Having discussed some main benefits of employee involvement, this activity also possesses some drawbacks that companies should consider. Firstly, it requires time and budgets to add this scheme into performance related pay. For example, managers may have to be trained on how to communicate with their subordinators in order to find their preferred rewards. Moreover, after training, managers may also have to spend necessary time to question and allocate those rewards. These might result in loss rather than profit of companies. Due to the fact that employee involvement relies on communicating skills of managers, therefore, another problem is that relationship between managers and subordinators might become bad if negotiating fails. On one hand, if a manager can satisfy employees, their relationship might improve. On the other hand, if a company could not provide the required rewards, the manager may send negative messages to employees and their relationship may be worsened by this scheme. These can de-motivate workers and have an effect on company’s performance as a whole. 3. Fairness Issue Apart from reward problem in the previous section, another important area that always provokes debates is how performance can be measured fairly. In fact, motivating employees and tapping their potentials are probably the main purpose for many businesses to introduce PRP. According to Adams (1965), equity plays a significant role in motivating people. Therefore, if organizations fail to achieve equity in the process of performance appraisal, PRP system can be totally undermined. In this article, two main fields which make PRP system easily to become unfair will be discussed. 3. 1. Lacking Satisfied Standard In order to measure people’s performance, there must be a standard which explicitly indicates which level of performance will be awarded. For example, in sales department, certain amount of sales is usually used as a standard above which employees can receive cash bonuses or increases to basic salaries. However, if the standard is not clearly defined or not satisfied by some employees, staff is likely to feel unfair. Such inequity will de-motivate those employees and then influence the whole morale of that organization (Adam, 1965). In reality, it is difficult to have an appraising standard with which all employees are satisfactory. To illustrate this, a company may face some difficulties when including some departments in which employees’ performance can not be easily measured though quantitative norms. Moreover, qualitative factors in those sectors, such as after-sales service, might be more valued than the quantitative outcome. Meanwhile, coordinating different criteria within different departments is also difficult. Yorkshire building society, a case study in New Dimensions in Pay Management (Armstrong and Brown, 2001), once paid its IT staff separately. The consequence is that its staff felt unfair and became divisive. Then, they strongly demanded a new arrangement. Therefore, more effort should be invested into creating a full-scale satisfactory standard. Due to the potential de-motivation followed with introducing PRP, some researchers have explored several key changes that need to be considered when adopting PRP (Armstrong and Murlis, 1991). Within these changes, some may provide the solution to the standard issue. Solution 1) Introducing Qualitative Standards Combining quantitative measures with qualitative elements is the first change that Armstrong and Murlis mentioned. This can probably relief numerous employees who are suffering from unequal assessment. If PRP focus only on quantitative factors, this may suit a few sectors such as sales department which has been mentioned before. In order to improve equity, however, some qualitative input factors such as knowledge and skills as well as output factors like innovation, team-work, customer service and delivery should be included in the assessing criteria. As a result, good performers can be measured in details and other employees will possibly feel those good performers deserve the bonuses. Moreover, it can also provide a perspective into â€Å"bad performers† to examine whether they are really bad. Evaluation of Introducing Qualitative Standards The qualitative performance might be difficult to set the criteria for assessment; therefore, encouraging employees to involve in the design of assessment process may reduce discrepancies between different standards in the same organization. The discrepancies may not be avoided but can be reduced to an acceptable extent. For example, if one employee feels considerably dissatisfied about certain department’s salary level or even about certain individuals, a line manager may take that opinion into account and the assessment’s standard could be amended by that gathered information. Nevertheless, the standard may be designed appropriately but the assessment still relies on managers who may use that standard subjectively. This reliance on line manager is another field that can easily generate favoritism and inequity and it will be discussed in the next section. 3. 2. Reliance on Line Managers In the process of implementing PRP scheme, line managers take most responsibility for evaluating their subordinators. Although such managers are possibly carefully selected and well trained to be fair appraisers, it may be inevitable for some to have their own favoritism and prejudice. For example, managers might pay more attention to employee who was judged as a diligent and intelligent worker and that one tends to receive higher scores than others. According to Kessler and Purcell’s research (1993), there indeed exited those managers who treated and accessed staff by their own way. In addition, as Kessler and Purcell found, managers had a tendency to mark people moderately. Therefore, those employees who work very hard may feel unfair if line managers do not score them high. As a result, mutual respect and trust will probably be destroyed during this process. Moreover, relationship between managers and employees is likely to become a controlling style which will de-motivate people’s performance significantly. (Norgaard, 2001) Solutions 1) Increasing Contact with Subordinators Holbeche (1998) claims that employees tend to be fairly motivated, if they are given opportunities to contact with their supervisors. This technique might extremely suitable for those employees whose positions are far from their line managers. Therefore, managers are more likely to establish a full understanding of each staff’s capability, intelligence and contribution. As a result, the assessment of each individual would be fairer. †¢Evaluation of Increasing Contact with Subordinators Increasing contact with subordinators might be one of the suitable strategies for solving the problem about the reliance on manager in PRP because it may improve the relationship between manager and workers. Consequently, this may generate trust and respect within organizations and this trust and respect may make employee feel that the assessment is fair. On the other hand, if workers do not trust and respect in their manager, employees might not feel fair even the manager assesses them objectively. According to Jaques’ â€Å"felt-fair† principle (1961), he argues that there is no recognized criterion of fairness within an organization. Therefore, if something is felt fair by staff, it will be fair. The instance for this concept is a case study of Tesco which treated its employees with trust and respect and Tesco try to create a satisfaction in their working environment. In return, most of its employees expressed that they felt fair and empowered to progress (Cranwell-Ward, Bacon and Mackie, 2002). 4. Conclusion Since the late 1980s when PRP was firstly introduced in organizations, performance related pay was widely used among numerous pay systems in United Kingdom and many criticisms related to PRP has been turned up. (Brown and Armstrong, 1999) Two problems in this article that was explored are parts of those criticisms. If rewards of PRP lose its motivation function, it tends to become meaningless. Similarly, if fairness was a problem in the perception of employees, PRP will also probably be destroyed. Therefore, it seems clear that if the performance related pay could not motivate workers due to these two factors, it has to be revised and improved. That improving is to find the suitable standard and suitable rewards as well as to increase the communication between managers and workers so as to know their real motivators and to increase the fairness in assessing process. When these weaknesses of PRP have been covered, it might increase the performance of each individual and then the outcomes could contribute to the overall performance of the company.