Proposal on Work Environment Office Decor

Question: Examine about the Proposal on Work Environmentfor Office Decor. Answer: As an organization director, I have been approached to design and supervise redesign venture. In any case, the ongoing office condition has obsolete office stylistic theme and outfitting. The connection between the colleagues are additionally less. Hence, I have to make a proposition arrangement to introduce my thought in the gathering with the proprietors. Plan: Right off the bat, I will propose another structure including no entryway strategy. No entryway strategy is one of correspondence approaches. This implies the entryways of administrator, CEO, MD and director will be consistently open for the representatives so they can impart their issues to the more significant position authority and get makes a difference. I believe that this will urge the representatives to be straightforward in their works and alter themselves as quickly as time permits. As indicated by Avis (2016), the no entryway strategy is an extraordinary opportunity to the workers to pose inquiries, proposal conversation and present their anxiety to the administration. I figure this arrangement will help the administration additionally as they will get opportunity to screen the representatives and talk about their presentation with the workers. Fit-Out: The following thing which ought to be created is the difference in fit out. As the room of our office Innovative Solution is adapted such that the colleagues can't communicate appropriately. Along these lines, I recommended that the organization ought to have present day innovation uses. Phone is the best medium to speak with the colleagues. Besides, I will propose having projectors in each room, for the most part in the gathering space for the preparation or meeting reason. Harris (2015) proposed that utilization of present day innovation causes the representatives to work quick and simple. Along these lines, I will propose about PCs in each spaces for the workers. In any case, I think, there ought to be webcams likewise in the rooms to screen the representatives and their conduct. In the preparation room, there ought to be a TV for the preparation reason, which can be associated with the coaches PC. Stylistic theme of Workplace: The improvement of the workplace condition likewise ought to be changed to propel the representatives. Most importantly, I will propose changing the seats of the workers. Taking into account Weil (2014), the representatives should feel simple in the workplace to improve the quality and amount of work. Next, I will propose changing the lights and ventilation of the work environment. The rooms ought to be well lit and ventilated with the goal that the representatives don't feel uncomfortable to work. I will propose having armrests seats, which can be flexible. I figure, the organization ought to give forced air systems and LED tube lights to the rooms with the goal that the rooms can be well lit and ventilated to keep away from suffocation. Furthermore, I will feature some more regions, which should be improved. These are following: Cooperation with Colleagues: For the effective vocation in the work environment, joint effort with the associates is fundamental (Allee, Schwabe and Babb 2015). I will recommend the administration to mastermind preparing project and communication program for the workers with the goal that the representatives can know each other wonderfully and the administration too. I will propose this specific recommendation in light of the fact that the representatives need to comprehend that how to cooperate and pick up the objective. Jirotka, Lee and Olson (2013) referenced that positive and viable work relationship is significant o fabricate a fruitful vocation and finding the customary fulfillment in the activity. The well disposed workplace propels the representatives and accordingly the efficiency increments. This in a roundabout way causes the organization to increase gainful result. I trust that this will help our organization additionally to increase better result. Physical Resources to Support Innovation: To improve the development, I believe that I ought to recommend the execution of new physical assets. Our organization doesn't have appropriate space in the workplace so the administration should discover new places to move the organization so representatives can work openly. If there should be an occurrence of the new emplacement, it will be hard for the workers to change with the old representatives. The physical assets incorporate legitimate plan of server, PCs, arrange and other office types of gear like seats and tables. These physical assets will build up the remodel venture and help the administration to persuade the workers (Davenport 2013). I need to propose this so individuals don't feel trouble in the working environment and can work calmly with no issue. Supplies to Support Innovation: To build up the workplace, I will recommend no relegated seating idea. I will propose giving the representatives remote web and workstations so they need not to sit on a specific work area consistently. They can situate wherever of their decision to feel free in working and use the innovation. The procedure is called hot desking. Notwithstanding, I will propose giving space in the working environment and revamp the workplace in a manner with the goal that the representatives don't confront any issue in changing their seats. This will energize the representatives in community working. Something else that I will recommend is resting room. The workplace premises ought to have a resting space for the representatives and the board both (Davenport 2013). At whatever point the workers feel wiped out, there ought to be least treatment framework in the resting room so the representatives can take rest there. Condition and Creative outlook: The workers should have inventive attitude. Hence the administration should begin the prize imagination, which will rouse the representatives. I figure, the workers ought not be debilitated and the secrecy ought to be propelled. The administration can orchestrate a proposal box, where the workers can drop their recommendation. To investigate the innovativeness of the representatives, the administration can orchestrate inventive groups, who will have the option to work with inspiration and increment the efficiency (Jirotka, Lee and Olson 2013). Condition and Working Relationship: I will propose improving a situation to make great working relationship among the representatives. Each worker ought to have the trust on one another to make a decent working relationship and furthermore should regard the representatives so the feeling and sentiment of the workers are not do any harm. References: Allee, V., Schwabe, O. what's more, Babb, M.K., 2015.Value Networks and the genuine idea of joint effort. Meghan-Kiffer Press. Avis, J., 2016.Social Justice, Transformation and Knowledge: strategy, work environment learning and aptitudes. Routledge. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process advancement: reengineering work through data innovation. Harvard Business Press. Harris, R., 2015. The changing idea of the work environment and the eventual fate of office space.Journal of Property Investment Finance,33(5), pp.424-435. Jirotka, M., Lee, C.P. what's more, Olson, G.M., 2013. Supporting logical coordinated effort: Methods, instruments and concepts.Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW),22(4-6), pp.667-715. Weil, D., 2014.The fissured work environment. Harvard University Press.

Decision Paper for System Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choice Paper for System Development - Essay Example They expressed that foundations that hold high development goals must coordinate the ordinary money related organization frameworks with unrivaled agenda limits. Specifically, the new charging framework that Hillside school tries to coordinate holds the essential motivating forces to encourage compelling administration of got assets. It gives obvious measures and rules that that is dependable. This paper disks generally speaking components that characterize the Hillside school money the executives framework with references to its new charging framework. Business Problem â€Å"As-Is† charging framework that the school works, presents massive confusions that ruins the acknowledgment of believable outcomes. The framework holds second rate information the executives strategies and control instrument that influences privacy in real money organization. For sure, the framework hold constrained potential to drive the school into its development prospect particularly at the time that i t looks to extend its enlistment limit. Increment in enrolment will require a compelling framework with constrained holes that may bargain money the board and responsibility (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012). The schools representative head instructor blamed the frameworks unbending nature and expressed that it hold no importance in the contemporary setting where prevalent charging foundation is suggested. The framework was planned utilizing Ms word and exceed expectations software’s that gave trouble in the upkeep of records. The school holds a huge measure of understudy records that extend from money related, confirmation, class assignment, finance subtleties and creation of dependable monetary reports. The â€Å"As-Is† framework prompted extreme disarray and duplication of work since it gives substandard impetus that can't encourage successful qualification of work done. The schools organization is under commitment to oversee appropriate records as specified in the rule s. They are responsible to the partners on the use of assets through clear and organized frameworks. In any case, this was impractical sooner or later because of the breaches that the framework gave in this way provoking the need to incorporate the new framework. To put it plainly, significant intricacies introduced by the â€Å"As-Is† framework incorporate arrangement of indistinct expense assortment process that neglects to encourage straightforwardness. The foundation embraced two focuses of expense assortment through various installment conspires that incorporate fixed and variable frameworks. These charge assortment frameworks presented the foundation to disarray on money organization (Shelly and Rosenblatt, 2012). Dynamically, it was incorporated with substandard software’s that undermined the predominant organization and creation of finance archives, monetary reports and understudy points of interest. The framework likewise neglected to give unrivaled control in strument and handling limit with regards to trustworthy result. It likewise neglected to guarantee powerful harmonization of understudy charge plans particularly for understudies from one family. The outline underneath shows the old system’s charge installment strategies that introduced gigantic difficulties in guaranteeing successful money organization. Procedure outline Variable expense installment Fixed charge installment Fixed charge installment Business Process Improvement Business process improvement involves joining of dependable working frameworks and appropriation of best practices that are advancement situated. Progressing

Comparison Of Organisms In Different Microhabitats Essays

Correlation Of Organisms In Different Microhabitats A Comparison of Organisms in Different Microhabitats Jessica Hilkey Meeker High School, Meeker, CO 81641 Conceptual: On September 12 we began a drawn out investigation of the lower regions zone north of the Meeker High School. We assessed the various life forms in various microhabitats, and concentrated to check whether the natural surroundings were altogether extraordinary. Our decision was that there was not a critical distinction between the various living spaces. Presentation September 12, 2000 and a few different mornings in September we wandered out toward the North Ridge, north of Meeker High School. We asked what life forms lived in the diverse microhabitats and if the living spaces varied in species organization. Our speculation was that there would be a distinction between territories. The past investigation on this zone was the examination that we did on the vegetation front of the east and the west inclines of the North Ridge. In this investigation we found that there is more vegetation spread on the west slant of the North edge than on the east incline. In the current examination we assessed five unique natural surroundings: sage, oak, pinyon juniper, brook, and upset territories. The savvy territory has a great deal of brambles and sage developing in it. The oak has a few indications of deer and incorporates numerous plants. The pinyon juniper living space incorporates indications of donkey deer and different sorts of hedges. The rivulet region incorporates indications of various creatures, for example, donkey deer, cottontail bunnies and red fox. This territory likewise contains various kinds of shrubberies and sage. The last territory is the upset, which has a couple of various kinds of grasses and plants however doesn't have any indication of creatures that we could discover. This examination could be useful to acologists occupied with future research. Likewise, it could happen to use to trackers who need to realize where to discover various creatures that they are chasing. Techniques In our examination, five gatherings split up into the various living spaces, and each recognized and gathered numerous plants and bugs from the field. In doing this we utilized different devices, for example, the bug sucker a net and different instruments. The bug sucker was utilized to gather little bugs. The nets were utilized to get different kinds of flying bugs. In the wake of gathering our data the five gatherings worked together on the diverse data from the distinctive habbitats. To recognize various bugs, fowls and plants we utilized the Field Guide to Western Birds, by Roger Tory Peterson and Meet the Natives, by M. Walter Pesman. Results and Discussions The tables connected show the data that we gathered in the field and the contrasts between the five living spaces. We utilized measurable examination to discover the P estimation of the plant dissemination. We discovered p approaches .048 or 48 out of 1000 possibilities that plant dissemination is distinctive between microhabitats. End Our information and investigation of the diverse microhabitats show that there is definitely not a critical differance in plant networks between the natural surroundings of the North Ridge. Likewise, this end shows that in our past investigation of the North Ridges vegetation spread could be a result of the distinctive soil dampness. For instance the side of the North Ridge with more dampness would have more vegetation then the side with less soil dampness. Affirmations: Meeker School District RE-1 gave offices and gear to our investigation. Mr. Jim Dodo and Mr. Imprint Sheridan pleasantly permitted us access to their property. Writing Cited Roger Tory Peterson. Field Guide to Western Birds. M. Walter Pesman. Meet the Natives. Science

International Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Universal Financial Markets - Essay Example Besides a few nations have wound up losing their venture status of evaluation. This episode has put the worldwide financial specialists in alert. Indeed, even before the downsizing of the main nation into an evaluation of non-speculation, the securities exchange was down, and a few nations even become near lose their entrance to capital market. Because of this the European lawmakers guided their fault to the crediting rating office of exacerbating thee obligation emergency. Since 2011, the organization of rating needs to routinely enroll with the European Security and Markets Authority (ESMA) which is additionally ordered with the further planning of the lawful activity (Moloney, 2011). This guideline shows that the rating of credits have some control on the capital market. A portion of the currency showcase issue that was influenced by the emergency that will be talked about in this paper incorporates the large scale monetary hazard, intra-euro territory money related stream, and guarantee accessibility. In a large portion of the nations in euro the stores possessed by the household banks were steady somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2011. Anyway the household banks in Ireland and Greece intensely fell. Ireland and Greece were not in a situation to supplant the stores that were lost with other market getting or discount and the hole that existed by acquiring from their national banks (Whittaker, 2011). The migration of the market cash into the national bank accounting report caused a between national bank obligation that was exceptionally high inside the arrangement of the euro. Between business bank loaning is a methods for moving cash from region which have surplus to zones deficiency regions (Friedman and Schwartz, 1970). For instance if reserves is pulled back from the Greece bank and put in the bank of Germany, this withdrawal will leave the Greece save money with shortfall of cash while the Germany bank will be in overflow of cash. In the economic situation that is typical, the

?Hong Kong Media Good

Despite the fact that the position of opportunity of Hong Kong media is a lot higher than that of China, there are a few special cases to the general standard which states Hong Kong media are free while the territory media are not free. On 6 June 12, an Attainment Square protester, IL Wangling was found to end it all by draping himself in the Human emergency clinic without leaving any note. The suspect of Lie's demise inspires all Hong Kong media to report the news finally, and subsequently the correspondent of South China Morning Post Alex Price ran a full anecdote about Lie's death.However, Wang Examining, the recently designated editorial manager in-head of SCAMP, scaled down it into a short Just before the issue of paper without illuminating him. Cost pondered the explanation and messaged Wang, yet Wang didn't give any sensible reaction and said Price recognizes what to do in the event that he doesn't care for this. It is accepted that self-oversight was drilled on the grounds th at Wang is terrain conceived, and is an individual from the Jill Provincial CAP. Beijing has effect on the issue, and consequently it makes individuals presume the nonpartisanship of SCAMP.Another guide to show Begging's impact over the Hong Kong media is that a Shanghai section about the choice of Hong Kong Chief Executive was altered to very surprising perspective from the editorialist so as to demonstrate backing to one of the up-and-comers, Lung Chunk Yin, who views as Pro-China applicant. The segment was really composed by the journalist Luau You-sister whose segment titled initially ‘Neither of them is the best contender for the post of Chief Executive' however then was changed to ‘Lung is better than Tong.The unique finish of the segment is, it is no value to help them two, the battle between them doesn't help their standard of Hong Kong yet intensify and this lone makes individuals getting terrible inclination on legislative issues. Notwithstanding, it was altere d to the form that, it is no value to help Tong; Lung is the person who can improve so anticipate his future. In spite of the fact that Shanghai repost the first one following day, the clarification of doing such thing as was unacceptable.The last proprietor of Shanghai likewise has China foundation and consequently it is accepted that there is Begging's impact to influence the opportunity of media in Hong Kong. Contrasting with Hong Kong, the circumstance in China might be more regrettable that terrain media are for the most part constrained by power; in any case, a few special cases likewise exist and those expensive occur on the media Internet. GHz Riffing, the originator of the site People's Supervision which permits substances to uncover the debasement of the power, had transferred a video of Lei Chemung, a Cocooning official, who was having intercourse with a 18-year-old woman and covertly recorded.The official at that point lost his Job because of the grime raking. Despite th e fact that the site had been once blocked and couldn't be looked by means of territory site Baud, GHz trusts it was on the grounds that the site had experience the ill effects of Lei individual rather than from power as KHz's site is presently work regularly and GHz is still charge. Regardless of the introduction of the debasement of the position, KHz's site and his record via web-based networking media Webb despite everything working typically and are not constrained by the authority.Another model is about Shah Habit, individual from the Communist Party of China Committee of Lubing City's Public Security Bureau, was blamed for having amassed 192 houses in Hough and holding a bogus character card by a neighborhood representative Hung Junky. The archives about Chaos' twofold IDs are likewise uncovered on the Internet which brings out the residents as well as the power to examine the issue. Shah has been sacked after this introduction and the specialists had chosen to examine exhaust ively the issues uncovered on the Internet.Same as the previous model, despite the fact that it uncovered the debasement of specialists, the media haven't been control by specialists to cover the presentation. Generally speaking, I think the opportunity for media of both Hong Kong and terrain begins moving. It is a decent start for specialists to extricate the control on territory media, however to Hong Kong media, over-rehearsing self-oversight just makes Hong Kong residents revolted to terrain specialists.

A fall treat for Spring 2016 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A fall treat for Spring 2016 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its fall in New York, and that means the leaves change colors, coffee shops peddle pumpkin spice  everything, and children impersonate the brightest and darkest characters in fairy tale land on the last night of October. While things like a pumpkin spice treat may be nice, SIPAs Office of Admissions is offering something better this month. Last week marked the Spring 2016 application deadline, and unfortunately, many of our applicants  didnt quite make  it.  With just two months to pull together an admission application, we empathize with what a challenge it was to meet the target date.  Thus, to help ensure your application is still eligible for review, we are extending the admission deadline. Thats right: the Spring 2016 application deadline is extended until Saturday, October 31, 2015 at 11:59 p.m. Now isnt that a real  treat?! So brush off your personal statement, collect your transcripts, and enjoy a latte or two while you prepare your application to SIPA. We look forward to reviewing it. Finish your application now.

Death the final answer A Cemetery Symbolism Analysis in The Thief and the Dogs - Literature Essay Samples

Death has been a prevalent theme in literature of all cultures throughout the centuries. In The Thief and the Dogs, the author Naguib Mahfouz explores the realm of death and its interconnections with life. Witnessing the turmoil of the Egyptian revolutions since childhood, it is small wonder that Mahfouz creates a fictional world which mirrors the chaos of his nation with a protagonist whose role is to face the confusion of the contemporary world and revisit the cores of traditional values, one of which is the relationship between life and death. The author’s use of the cemetery symbol not only elucidates the protagonist’s confusion of a betraying world, but also clarifies Mahfouz’s own views on death. The symbolism of the cemetery somberly embodies Said Mahran’s inherent decaying psyche and his perception of the world, which convene to make a philosophical statement about death as being the final ‘truth’ Said had so insanely pursued. The vast expanse of the cemetery, serving as the backdrop in which the novel unravels, is symbolic of Said Mahran’s psychological decadence. While Said’s death at the end of the novel may seem precipitous, that is an illusion. Mahfouz’s use of the cemetery symbol suggests that at some level of consciousness, Said has always known about his imminent death. The sense of doom and despondency is revealed to readers as Nur asks after a long day of work, â€Å"How did you spend your time† and Said dejectedly replies, â€Å"between the shadows and the graves† (157). The shadows gradually make their advance, looming over Said’s persona and slowly murder his sanity. Towards the end of the novel, what is left of Said when the dogs surround him is no longer a complete human being, but just a physical body devoid of spirit or emotion. The symbolism of the cemetery serves as the murderer of his soul, as it is the consummate silence, which gradually drains Said of all humane emotion and reason. He, at one point, speaks to himself: â€Å"The silence of the graves is more intense, but you can’t switch on the light†¦your eyes will get used to the dark, the way they did to prison and all those ugly faces† (95). To some extent at the subconscious level, Said stares at the murderer of his sanitythe silence of the gravesand ambiguously acknowledges the transformations going on in his mental state but is powerless to defend himself due to his blind rage of revenge. Said’s extreme hatred for his traitors effectuates an inescapable gloom over his life, a darkness that â€Å"made a black wall across his path†. Without dispute, Said â€Å"plunged off among the tombs into the maze path† (155). Said’s final death is not unforeseen, but an ineluctable eventuality. The ‘phantom of death’ finally emerges from the shadows, stalking through the dark. Revenge is a plague that plunders Said†™s very soulthe hatred, the growing greed to kill, foreshadows and leads to his own demise. Said is psychologically murdered numerous times by the silent loneliness of the cemetery before the shadows of hatred and paranoia finally make their advance on his physical existence. While the cemetery symbolizes a bleak, lonely spiritual doom in Said Mahran, it also serves as a more direct symbol as the traitors are compared to the corpses in the graves. The novella revolves around characters living in the lower strata of society, such as criminals, prostitutes, and thieves. Thus, they are in a sense, already â€Å"underground†buried in their own graves, while a new nation, created by the Egypt 1952 Revolution, carries on above them. More importantly, the cemetery becomes a personal symbol for Said and becomes symbolic of his own perception of the world, assuming a special quality as intense emotional animosity is directly connected to the corpses in the graveyard. Said constantly refers to the people who had betrayed him as associated with the cemetery, as if the whole world is already dead in his eyes: â€Å"So this is the real Rauf Iwan, the naked realitya partial corpse not even decently underground† (47). The stretch of graveyard surrounding S aid’s temporary residence serves as a reminder that he is more alone in the world, as all who are dead and buried underground no longer have any tangible relations with him. His dead father seems to exist only in the state of dreams, far away from violent reality, and his mother is never mentioned. Thus, no emotional connections bond Said with the ones buried in the cemetery; its total silence isolates him, discouraging him from ruminating further about the Dead or the afterlife. The melancholy of the graves fails to provide Said with human companionship, and the people around him who are still alive are just as indifferent. Thus, Said views the Living as being just as useless as the dead, associating them with the buried corpses in the cemetery. The cemetery is symbolic of Said’s lack of faith in both the afterworld and his present world. Although the cemetery exemplifies Said’s dismal perception of the world and spiritual loneliness, the symbolism also serves as an antithesis by ironically becoming Said’s source of strength. Indeed, Said feels minimal emotional attachment to the ones buried underground, but he does believes deeply in the cemetery’s ethereal quality and its melancholic authority. Said’s faith in the unknown power of the cemetery is greater than his faith in the Sheikh himself. Instead of obtaining spiritual support from the Sheik, it is at the graves where Said seeks for spiritual power, as he believes the cemetery radiates â€Å"some force stronger than death itself† (101). Ironically, it is also at the graves where Said will eventually be buried. He thus returns to the very place that gave him strength. Death assumes a mystical nature as Said considers â€Å"all those things lying out there in the graveyard below the window will help [him]† (114). The dead c orpses buried underground, silently breathing in all its wholeness, gains a solemn authority in Said’s soul and the twisted silence feeds his insanity, giving him the power to continue pursuing his revenge. Death, in all its entirety and solemnity, seems to mock the trivial conflicts that trouble the ones who are still alive. Here, it is suggested that death is surreal; it is a perennial mystery since the Dead cannot tell its story to the Living. Just like the philosophy discussed behind Socrates Allegory of the Cave, as told by Plato, those who seek the final truth, the final revelation, will have forever crossed to the ‘other side’ of reality. Said Mahran believes death is the final revelation and the final reality, and it is his belief in this final peace that allows him to face death with ready acceptance. Mahfouz describes the cemetery with a tone of respectful submission: â€Å"What a lot of graves there are, laid out as far as the eye can see. Their heads tones are like hands raised in surrender†¦A city of silence and truth, where murder and victim come together, where thieves and policemen lie side by side in peace for the first and last time† (89). The cemetery carries the overlapping theme, the overall ambience of the novella that the ‘final peace’ is always harmony. Described as a city with complete opposites residing in harmony, the cemetery symbolic of final peace; death ends all hatred existing in the world of the Living. Said was lost in confusion trying to grasp the abstract idea of death and the afterlife, and eventually resolves to attribute the conundrum of the afterlife to the mysterious pull of the cemetery, the bigger force above us all. He then proceeds to say, â€Å"as for the rest, I’ll leave it to Sheik Ali to solve the riddle† (114). In exploring the meaning of death and the afterworld, Said gives up on figuring out the impossible, and instead shifts his focus to his present life. At the moment when Said gives up his pursuit of the unsolvable puzzle of truth, he suddenly gains an insight into the â€Å"truth† he was in search for, and feels spiritually fulfilled. Said finds this spiritual gratification as he confesses to Nur, â€Å"being with you, after being out there with the bullets, is like being in Paradise† (128). True fulfillment lies not in the Sheikh’s mosque or the Afterlife of the cemetery, but in his own control. The revelation, albeit arrivi ng a little too late, gives him true happiness for the last moments of his life as appreciation dawns on himnirvana is not sought in revenge or the Dead, but in his present lifeMany, like the protagonist Said Mahran, will travel full circle and eventually come to the conclusion that death is a force greater than humankind’s scope of understanding. Every known civilization has myths, theories, and literature on the subject of death, and each has their unique viewpoint since the search on the meaning of life and death is a never-ending journey. The symbolism of the cemetery depicts not only Said’s cynicism for the world and his decaying persona, but also served to transcend Mahfouz’s commentary on his understanding of death. With the esoteric nature of the cemetery, it is evinced that what comes after Death is unfathomable. It is the present world, apparently, which can provide the most immediate utopia. After all, in the words of Jewish-Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, â€Å"what everyone wants from life is continuous and genuine happiness†. The double-sided symbolism of the cemetery, however, allows readers to develop their own interpretations on the relationship between life and death.

The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 2074 Words

The cold war can be described as a state of political, military and economic tension between the western world and its democratic ideals and Eastern Europe who shared that communist ideology. It was however lead mainly by the two super powers that rose at the end of the Second World War, the United States and the USSR. The War put a lot of pressure on both Britain and France in terms of their economic and military resources as they were still recovering from the consequences of the First World War and so left them drained towards the end of the Second World War when Germany was defeated. The US and the Soviet Union were the only countries left who still held a significant amount of power and so the rise in their power inevitably lead to†¦show more content†¦After the downfall of Germany, allied countries ceased control over the region and divided it into 4 zones. Each of which would be controlled by, America, France, Britain and the Soviet Union. Berlin, for example was unde r the control of the soviet however the capital was also divided into four zones with each ally having jurisdiction over a zone. (Clare, .) Over time the democratic countries merged together their individual zones and formed the Federal Republic of Germany as a result. Tensions began to rise between West Germany and the soviet controlled Germany. This polarisation of Germany not only shows us how the ideological view point of each ally changed and effected German politics in the east and the west, but also as Germany as a whole. This can be seen when comparing the level of economic development of the west to the south. West Germanys’ political ideology came from the democratic countries and essentially allowed it to also become a stable democracy. This political influence allowed West Germany to be included in some European affairs and also helped regain trust within some European counties who, at this point did not trust Germany and did not want to be affiliated with then i n anyway. An example of this, is the treaty signed by France and Germany which is known

Inequality of Income and Wealth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1372 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Finance Essay Level High school Topics: Income Inequality Essay Did you like this example? Income inequality has an increasing financial impact on the distribution of wealth: top income is saved at high rates, wealth concentration increases; in turn, rising income inequality leads to a higher concentration of capital income, which increases top income and wealth shares further. Income inequalities have consistently changed Americans since the American dream came true. The American Dream is founded around the concept of working strenuous and earning enough cash to provide for a family, purchase a home, being able to send children to college and make investments for retirement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inequality of Income and Wealth" essay for you Create order Economic addition in income is one of the solely viable ways to obtain enough wealth to fulfill the dreaming Unfortunately, many human beings cannot acquire this dream due to low income. Income inequality refers to the uneven distribution of profits and wealth between the social classes of American citizens. The United Country has frequently known a rise in inequality as the prosperous become richer and the poor emerge as poorer, increasing the unstable gap between the two income groups. A certain income inequality is effective as a result of it provides citizens incentives to overwork and look at new business concepts in hopes of reaping huge rewards. Vast income inequality misuse society due to bigger difference silence upward quality between generations, creating it tougher for gifted and hard-working individuals to urge the rewards they are. A widening financial gain difference harms society as a result of Americans with completely different} financial gain levels differ in their policy preferences; actual policy outcomes powerfully replicate the preferences of the foremost affluent however bear just about no relationship of poor or middle-income Americans. The most vital reason income inequality misuse society has an excessive amount of financial gain generations is that the recent winner-take-all economy helped trigger the huge recession, departure the majority with stagnant incomes. So, youll see that through an explicit quantity of income inequality is effect ive as a result of it offers individuals incentives to figure exhausting and look at new business ideas, in hopes of reaping massive rewards, harms society for 2 main reasons. First, larger difference stifles upward quality between generations, creating it tougher for proficient and hard-working individuals to urge the rewards they are. However most significantly, having an excessive amount of financial gain focused at the highest compromises the power of a democracy to provide an equal political voice to all people. Second, the wealthy are more likely to be able to afford to pay for their own wealth. Therefore, the wealthy are so much richer than they are. Given these basic truths about income inequality, its difficult to guess why there is a lot of commotion about earnings inequality in the country. Its evident that wealth can continue to increase at the hands of the rich. This is the unavoidable consequence of the market-based capitalistic economy we live in. Theres no purpose planning about it?† it constitutes what it equals, and it aint gonna move. Its a matter of time before the government is able to make money. If youre a citizen of a country, your income will be higher than the average American. So, if youre a wealthy citizen, then your income is going to be lower than the rest of the world. Thats why you need to pay taxes. The government is supposed to be a good example of how the economy is doing. The government is trying to make money from the rich, and the poor will be able to afford to pay for it. The government is going to be able to do this, and the economy will be more stable. Theres a lot of money to be spent on the economy, but it doesnt really matter. Were going to have to pay taxes, and thats what makes us happy. Were going to have to get back to the basics. Well be able to make money, and then, if youre going to buy a house, and your car is in the middle of nowhere, and you dont have a job, and thats a good thing. The government will be able to pay for it, and well be paying taxes. The government will be able to do this, and the economy will be a better place. In brief, the extent of inequality in America is habitually and grossly overstated. More significant, the main argument for this unfairness of income inequality fails because the prosperity of the wealthy does not injure the poor. Income inequality as much is not behind this issue of poverty. These wealthy, put differently, are not the reason why the poor are bad. They are not the only ones who are able to afford to pay for their own health. The rich are poor, and they are poorer. The wealthy are richer, and the rich are more productive. The poor are the ones who are the most vulnerable to poverty. There is no such thing as a good life, and it is not the fault of the poor. Income differences feeling on world Income inequality is on this increase and it is apparent at most cities throughout the United States. There are people with six to seven shape incomes and so there are people whose income is only enough to go by. This middle class is not as large as the upper and poor class. That should remain vice versa. The wealthy, the middle class and the bad. These so-called titles represent determining Americans nowadays. What constitutes income inequality and why is it the question? Income inequality is the degree to which income is spread at the population. In the United States, the disparity between the poor and the wealthy has extended vastly over the last ten years. Income inequality is a constantly debated issue nowadays with various beliefs and answers; economists, authors, and politicians all have different views. There are many factors that affect the economy, such as the economic growth of the United States, the rise of the American middle class, the lack of education, the need for a new social security, the inability to work, the ability to do things, the fear of being forced to conform to the norm. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic system, the social structure, the environment, the people, the society, the way we live, the way we interact with our neighbors, the world, the culture, the environment, the activities, the relationships, the ways of life. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic growth, the social security, the financial system, the governments policies, the political environment, the media, the media, the public, the press, the internet, the internet. There are many factors that af fect the economy, such as the economic recession, the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, the level of unemployment, the amount of money, the number of people who are unemployed, the percentage of the population, the age of the individual, the degree of poverty, the availability of resources, the ability to work, the education, the skills, the knowledge, the skill, the skills, the training, the support, the time, the resources, the tools, the technology. These are the factors that affect the economy, the economic growth, the unemployment rate, the level of unemployment, the amount of money, the income, the number of people, the social status, the education, the employment, the job, the jobs. There are many factors that affect the economy, such as the economic growth, the unemployment rate, the inflation, the recession, the increase in the price of goods, the demand for the products, the prices of the product. These factors are the economic, social, technological, political, economic, technological, legal, environmental, and cultural. The economic factors are the factors that affect the economy, the government, the environment, the people, the society, the way of life. The economic factors are the external factors, which are the macro environment, the political, social, technological, and environmental. The economic factors are the external forces, which are the internal and external factors. The primary catalysts of income inequality: Economists mostly attribute the increase of income inequality to three components; field replacing workers, non-college-educated forces being moved by globalisation and inadequate government planning. The variable frequently neglected, when talking about the topic, is Americas changing position on income distribution.

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Essay on Short stories - 1134 Words

Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The short stories â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Mocomber† were both written by world renowned author Ernest Hemingway. The two stories are written completely unrelated to each other; however, both stories have vast similarities in the time and place in which they take place. Hemingway is a writer that is very methodical in his word choices. When reading these two stories a second time the reader finds considerable differences in the writing style the author uses in each story. To demonstrate, three sentences from each story will be compared and contrasted to show the differences in word usage, word connotation, and to find which story is written better. The initial pair†¦show more content†¦The word â€Å"plummeted† as defined in the American Heritage Dictionary â€Å"is to fall straight down; plunge†. The two words are close in meaning; however, â€Å"plummeted† is a better word for the sheer reason that the reader can directly visualize the vultures dive toward earth. When the word â€Å"plummeted† is heard a person thinks of plunging to death or fall at in incredible rate. â€Å"Plummeted† is much more dramatic and defining then the word â€Å"planed.† The word â€Å"Planned† could have various images connected with it. â€Å"Planed† leaves the reader too many options when visualizing the vultures decent to the ground. For example the reader might visualize the vulture gliding down to the ground or zigzagging to the ground. The word ‘Plummeted† is a better defined and more dramatic word. Making the sentence, â€Å"On the far bank of the stream Macomber could see, above the trees, vultures circling and plummeting down,† the better sentence of the two. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next two sentences, â€Å"’You Bitch,’ he said,† from the â€Å"Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"’Why not let up on the bitchery just a little, Margot,’ Macomber said, cutting the eland steak and putting some mashed potato, gravy and carrot on the down-turned fork that tined through the piece of meat,† again have similarities. For example, in each sentence the husband is calling his wife a bitch of sorts; however, it is the use of this word that makes these sentencesShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Kate Chopin, the Awakening Free Essays

The Awakening by Kate Chopin 1st half: Page 1-60 Plot Summary: Leonce Pontellier and Edna Pontellier take their children to Grand Isle to spend their summer vacation. While on that trip Edna learns how to swim which becomes a huge revelation to her, in a sense of gaining some control over her life. Also Edna makes a great connection with Robert Lebrun, a charming man who pursues to obtain Edna’s attention and affections. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Chopin, the Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now As he flees to Mexico, the narrative of the story shifts to Edna’s complexed feelings towards Robert and her search for social freedom. With the summer being over and Edna going back to New Orleans with her husband, Edna gradually re-evaluate her priorities and takes a more active role in her own happiness, as she starts to withdraw from some of the duties traditionally associated with motherhood and as a house-wife. Themes: * Self-destruction: The illusion of being able to control oneself, while being controlled by society and other circumstances around you will eventually lead to self-destruction. Edna the protagonist is in search for social liberation, and fundamentally ends up self-destructing herself by taking an action she believes can only be controlled by herself. ) * Femininity: The restrictions and expectations put on a woman are purely on stereotypical and repressive images about a societally accepted idea of femininity. (In the era that Edna lived in, the gender ro les were set in stone, men would work and women would be set to be home and take care of the kids and house, women like Edna were seen as possessions and trophies. * Identity: Dissatisfaction with the labels put on individuals can result in the loss of identity and the desire for independence outside of society. ( The discontent with the labels Edna has as ‘wife†, â€Å"mother† has resulted in the loss of her true identity, however the desire to gain back her identity leads her to social alienation and many controversies. ) Characters: * Edna Pontellier: The protagonist of the novel, was described as â€Å"She was rather handsome than beautiful. Her face was captivating by reason of a certain frankness of expression and a contradictory subtle play of features. Her manner was engaging† (4). Wife of Leonce and a mother. Is presented as a complex and dynamic characters that develops throughout the story. Edna a very preserved individual who follows the attributes of society, develops quite aggressively from being a conserved young women to an individual who violets all of the morals that were set in her society. Robert Lebrun: A complex character who encounters himself in a love triangle with married woman, he plays a big part in Edna’s awakening. As he escapes to Mexico to flee from a relationship that was not allowed to happen, leading the novel to hit the climax of the story. * Leonce Pontellier: is described as â€Å"wore eyeglasses. He was a man of forty, of medium height and rather slender build; he stooped a little. His hair was brown and straight, parted on one side. His beard was neatly and closely trimme d. (1) Edna’s husband, Leonce plays a big part in the novel, he is a man who treats women as properties and values, very materialist and spends his time away from home doing business. Setting: * The Awakening is set in the late nineteenth century on Grand Isle, off the coast of Louisiana, where the summers are spent. It continues to New Orleans where Edna and her family live, in a relative luxurious house in the French quarters, â€Å"a very charming home [†¦] it was a large, double cottage with a broad front veranda, [†¦] the house was painted a dazzling white. (49) * Society in the nineteenth century was very repressed, women had to obey their husbands and duties, as Edna become more ‘awakened† and self-dependent, her society begins to isolate her. Literary Devices: * Children: The imagery and verbal illusion of children are present throughout the novel. Edna is often symbolically seen as a child, her undergoing a form of re-birth as she sees the worl d from a fresh perspective. * Water: symbolic, water represents re-birth. Edna awakened while swimming where she realized that she could be the only one who can control her own movements. Birds: The caged birds symbolically represent Edna’s entrapment in society, as well as the women in the nineteenth century in general. â€Å"A green and yellow parrot, which hung in a cage outside. †(1) Other Critical Approaches: * Archetypal Approach (Metamorphosis/change): Edna undergoes a sudden but dramatic transformation, going from a conservative role to an independent woman. (As Edna obeys her husband and follows the rules of society, but transforms into a woman who goes by her own rules, and dismisses every task given to her. ) How to cite Kate Chopin, the Awakening, Essay examples

Reward and Fairness Issues in Performance Related Pay free essay sample

Performance related pay (PRP) is a financial rewarding system which is directly associated with the work accomplishment of employees. It seems that the basis of this process is cash or bonus payment: employees will be awarded cash or bonus when they achieve a greater performance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system of payment by performance was widely applied in both private and public sectors in many organizations in the United Kingdom. Brown and Armstrong (1999) claimed that there are more than 50 percent of the UK companies had implemented this method to motivate their employees during that time. However, in fact, Kohn (1993) indicated that there are not quite much research existing which explicitly indicates that performance related pay is an effective procedure to encourage employees to improve their work. Furthermore, there are even some studies indicating that this system could be a de-motivator when workers distrust it. This article will explore the ineffectiveness of performance related pay from two perspectives and then try to provide possible solutions as well as evaluations for managers who are facing similar problems. The first perspective is the reward issue which may not attract employees to work harder. This problem may occur as a result of the different expectation of each individual in rewards. Secondly, the fairness issue, the transparency of organizations to measure their employee performance could cause the curiosity among employees. Once employees feel unfair, the PRP system will become meaningless. 2. Reward Issue Performance related pay relies on the expectancy theory that the sufficient size of rewards can motivate people (Wood and Maguire, 1993). When organizations apply this concept to the payment system, which is a financial reward, they have an assumption that workers may improve their performance if a high amount of salary or bonus is offered in return. However, according Brown and Armstrong (2000), some workers claimed that the extra pay was too low and it could not motivate them. Cannell and Wood (1992) even claimed that if the extra money is lower than six percentage of worker’s basic salary, employees might feel that they were insulted and it could de-motivate them. Consequently, the performance related pay tends to fail nd company could not motivate employees. In fact, the real problem in this issue might not be the amount of the reward offered to workers but might be the type of the provided reward that does not match employees’ preference. The following sections will discuss about the improvement of this scheme by using non-financial rewards and allowing employee to design their own rewards. Solution 1) Non-financial Rewards It may be concluded from the above information that insufficient financial rewards might not improve the performance of individuals. In other words, it could be said that money would not attract every employee, managerial staff in particular. Williams (2002) noted that the majority of upper managers felt the most significant factor which motivated them should not be the money. The authentic motivator is probably the achievements in their career path and their high self-esteem. All of those things could be called as non-financial rewards. Furthermore, there are some evidences illustrating noticeably that the majority of employees in both private and public sectors value non-financial rewards higher than money rewarding. The information that was provided by Institute of Personnel Management (1992) clearly showed that the respondents from both private and public organizations rated the importance of promotion higher than that of pay. The score of pay method from public employees and private employees are 3. 67 and 4. 11 respectively, whereas, they regarded promotion aspect as 5. 07 and 5. 78 on the same scale. The non-financial reward is one of the ways of organizations to award employees in terms of motivation. There are many interesting contents of non-financial rewards such as job enlargement, freedom concerning job duties, formal commendations and promotion. Job enlargement is to assign more jobs to workers in order to enhance their responsibility that allows them to complete the whole cycle of work process instead of one part concerning. As to freedom concerning job duties, it increases more independence in decision making that relates to the responsible tasks of employees. The formal commendations could demonstrate the appreciation of employees’ performance and value the importance of works they have done. In addition, the promise of enhancing the chance of promotion can be used as reward when workers accomplish a certain standard or present best performance in certain periods. Generally speaking, the main purpose of these rewards is to improve the satisfaction of employees by building up their self-recognition and personal achievement. The attractiveness of non-financial incentive could be illustrated clearly by a simple example of the dedication to adored leisure activities or hobbies of individuals. Even though they would not receive any money from those activities, they still keep doing them. Evaluation of Non-financial Rewards Each person could be motivated by different things. Therefore, matching rewards with every employee’s expectation needs to be realized as Williams (2002) suggested. Moreover, factors that motivate employees really well in one level might de-motivate or create dissatisfactions in other levels. Consequently, to realize the real motivator of each employee, organizations should have effective communication between workers and the employers. This communication scheme will be discussed in the following section. 2) Employee Involvement Thorpe and Homan (2000) suggest that involvement of employees can be one factor that makes performance-related pay succeed. This involvement, for example, can be a feedback about appraisal system or a performance target they have to achieve. This section will focus on one aspect of involvement which is discovering employees’ preferred rewards in performance related pay. Finding this preference can be applied to both financial and non-financial rewards. For financial reward, organizations may negotiate with employees and reach an agreement on how much amount of pay should be offered. Nevertheless, this strategy can only be done in the precondition that organizations have enough budgets to offer when the workers require more pay. For non-financial reward, according to previous section, employers need to understand factors that can motivate their workers and therefore use them as rewards in performance related pay. For example, organizations such as National Health Service in UK may need to find the real motivators of its employees, because in a research some respondents from NHS expressed they were not working for the money (Cannell and Wood, 1992). Apart from finding the preference which is a main target of this involvement, a company may gain another important benefit from this communication by implicating the recognition into the rewards. To illustrate this, Cannell and Wood (1992) argued that the recognition might motivate employees more than monetary reward if that individual has already been satisfied with their current level of salary. Cannell and Wood explained that employees might feel greatly motivated when they get rewards because their hard work was recognized widely in workplaces. This recognition may also occur when managers provide opportunities for employees to express their feelings. It may send a message to the workers that they are parts of the organizations and the organizations are really caring about how to satisfy them. When organization actually provides that promised reward, the same reward can be more meaningful to the workers as they has been recognized both designing state and rewarding state of performance-related pay. As a result, this involvement system may motivate workers and could lead to better performance eventually (Gennard and Judge, 2002). Evaluation of Employee Involvement Having discussed some main benefits of employee involvement, this activity also possesses some drawbacks that companies should consider. Firstly, it requires time and budgets to add this scheme into performance related pay. For example, managers may have to be trained on how to communicate with their subordinators in order to find their preferred rewards. Moreover, after training, managers may also have to spend necessary time to question and allocate those rewards. These might result in loss rather than profit of companies. Due to the fact that employee involvement relies on communicating skills of managers, therefore, another problem is that relationship between managers and subordinators might become bad if negotiating fails. On one hand, if a manager can satisfy employees, their relationship might improve. On the other hand, if a company could not provide the required rewards, the manager may send negative messages to employees and their relationship may be worsened by this scheme. These can de-motivate workers and have an effect on company’s performance as a whole. 3. Fairness Issue Apart from reward problem in the previous section, another important area that always provokes debates is how performance can be measured fairly. In fact, motivating employees and tapping their potentials are probably the main purpose for many businesses to introduce PRP. According to Adams (1965), equity plays a significant role in motivating people. Therefore, if organizations fail to achieve equity in the process of performance appraisal, PRP system can be totally undermined. In this article, two main fields which make PRP system easily to become unfair will be discussed. 3. 1. Lacking Satisfied Standard In order to measure people’s performance, there must be a standard which explicitly indicates which level of performance will be awarded. For example, in sales department, certain amount of sales is usually used as a standard above which employees can receive cash bonuses or increases to basic salaries. However, if the standard is not clearly defined or not satisfied by some employees, staff is likely to feel unfair. Such inequity will de-motivate those employees and then influence the whole morale of that organization (Adam, 1965). In reality, it is difficult to have an appraising standard with which all employees are satisfactory. To illustrate this, a company may face some difficulties when including some departments in which employees’ performance can not be easily measured though quantitative norms. Moreover, qualitative factors in those sectors, such as after-sales service, might be more valued than the quantitative outcome. Meanwhile, coordinating different criteria within different departments is also difficult. Yorkshire building society, a case study in New Dimensions in Pay Management (Armstrong and Brown, 2001), once paid its IT staff separately. The consequence is that its staff felt unfair and became divisive. Then, they strongly demanded a new arrangement. Therefore, more effort should be invested into creating a full-scale satisfactory standard. Due to the potential de-motivation followed with introducing PRP, some researchers have explored several key changes that need to be considered when adopting PRP (Armstrong and Murlis, 1991). Within these changes, some may provide the solution to the standard issue. Solution 1) Introducing Qualitative Standards Combining quantitative measures with qualitative elements is the first change that Armstrong and Murlis mentioned. This can probably relief numerous employees who are suffering from unequal assessment. If PRP focus only on quantitative factors, this may suit a few sectors such as sales department which has been mentioned before. In order to improve equity, however, some qualitative input factors such as knowledge and skills as well as output factors like innovation, team-work, customer service and delivery should be included in the assessing criteria. As a result, good performers can be measured in details and other employees will possibly feel those good performers deserve the bonuses. Moreover, it can also provide a perspective into â€Å"bad performers† to examine whether they are really bad. Evaluation of Introducing Qualitative Standards The qualitative performance might be difficult to set the criteria for assessment; therefore, encouraging employees to involve in the design of assessment process may reduce discrepancies between different standards in the same organization. The discrepancies may not be avoided but can be reduced to an acceptable extent. For example, if one employee feels considerably dissatisfied about certain department’s salary level or even about certain individuals, a line manager may take that opinion into account and the assessment’s standard could be amended by that gathered information. Nevertheless, the standard may be designed appropriately but the assessment still relies on managers who may use that standard subjectively. This reliance on line manager is another field that can easily generate favoritism and inequity and it will be discussed in the next section. 3. 2. Reliance on Line Managers In the process of implementing PRP scheme, line managers take most responsibility for evaluating their subordinators. Although such managers are possibly carefully selected and well trained to be fair appraisers, it may be inevitable for some to have their own favoritism and prejudice. For example, managers might pay more attention to employee who was judged as a diligent and intelligent worker and that one tends to receive higher scores than others. According to Kessler and Purcell’s research (1993), there indeed exited those managers who treated and accessed staff by their own way. In addition, as Kessler and Purcell found, managers had a tendency to mark people moderately. Therefore, those employees who work very hard may feel unfair if line managers do not score them high. As a result, mutual respect and trust will probably be destroyed during this process. Moreover, relationship between managers and employees is likely to become a controlling style which will de-motivate people’s performance significantly. (Norgaard, 2001) Solutions 1) Increasing Contact with Subordinators Holbeche (1998) claims that employees tend to be fairly motivated, if they are given opportunities to contact with their supervisors. This technique might extremely suitable for those employees whose positions are far from their line managers. Therefore, managers are more likely to establish a full understanding of each staff’s capability, intelligence and contribution. As a result, the assessment of each individual would be fairer. †¢Evaluation of Increasing Contact with Subordinators Increasing contact with subordinators might be one of the suitable strategies for solving the problem about the reliance on manager in PRP because it may improve the relationship between manager and workers. Consequently, this may generate trust and respect within organizations and this trust and respect may make employee feel that the assessment is fair. On the other hand, if workers do not trust and respect in their manager, employees might not feel fair even the manager assesses them objectively. According to Jaques’ â€Å"felt-fair† principle (1961), he argues that there is no recognized criterion of fairness within an organization. Therefore, if something is felt fair by staff, it will be fair. The instance for this concept is a case study of Tesco which treated its employees with trust and respect and Tesco try to create a satisfaction in their working environment. In return, most of its employees expressed that they felt fair and empowered to progress (Cranwell-Ward, Bacon and Mackie, 2002). 4. Conclusion Since the late 1980s when PRP was firstly introduced in organizations, performance related pay was widely used among numerous pay systems in United Kingdom and many criticisms related to PRP has been turned up. (Brown and Armstrong, 1999) Two problems in this article that was explored are parts of those criticisms. If rewards of PRP lose its motivation function, it tends to become meaningless. Similarly, if fairness was a problem in the perception of employees, PRP will also probably be destroyed. Therefore, it seems clear that if the performance related pay could not motivate workers due to these two factors, it has to be revised and improved. That improving is to find the suitable standard and suitable rewards as well as to increase the communication between managers and workers so as to know their real motivators and to increase the fairness in assessing process. When these weaknesses of PRP have been covered, it might increase the performance of each individual and then the outcomes could contribute to the overall performance of the company.

Volleyball Biomechanical Analysis free essay sample

Volleyball Serve Biomechanical factors influencing my Performance Contacting the ball at the top of arms reach If I did not contact the ball at the top of arms reach I would loose acceleration because the force is greater when the arm is at full reach. By contacting the ball at full arms reach you are creating a longer leaver and increasing the moment of inertia by increasing the force upon which you can accelerate the arm forward to serve the ball. If the ball contacted beyond the top of arms reach the height of release is lower and it won’t make it over the net. If I do not have my arm stretched out to full length prior to contacting the ball I won’t be able to generate as much momentum and therefore transfer of momentum to the ball is not at its highest. Stand with feet shoulder width apart This is important as it ensures you are balanced. We will write a custom essay sample on Volleyball Biomechanical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If not applied your base of support would be smaller and you would be unbalanced. Being unstable impacts the angle at which you can throw the ball and the angle at which the ball is contacted. An angle of release which is too low might result in there not being enough height for the ball to get over the net. A wider base of support would also allow the athlete to apply greater force. The greater the force applied the greater the acceleration and therefore the more effective the serve. When moving to hit the ball, transfer your weight fully to your front leg. This is important because it will result in transfer of momentum. When the ball is hit momentum of the body and the ball is conserved. Some of the momentum generated by the body is transferred to the ball. Stepping forward allows for a more effective transfer of momentum. Transferring your weight fully onto your front foot by stepping forward also allows greater force to be applied through the principle of force summation. By using the large muscles first we can maximise the muscular force that each muscle group associated with each segment can generate. Stepping forward uses the large muscles of the legs first and then follows through to the trunk, arms and finally the wrist. Body facing in the way you wish the ball to go: This is important because for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If the player is not facing where they want the ball to go then when the action force is applied, the reaction force applied back will result in the ball travelling in the direction the body is facing. As Newton’s second law states, when a force is applied to a mass (the ball) the result is acceleration of that mass in the direction the force is applied. If the body is not facing in the direction the ball wishes to go, it will not accelerate in that direction when hit. Furthermore, if the player has to adjust their direction of force applied throughout the serving action, the power of the force will be decreased. (Consider force summation here, angle and speed of release)

Topics That Make For Good Essay Topics

Topics That Make For Good Essay TopicsThere are many controversial essay topics that you can choose from, but some of the most successful topics for writers to use as a launching pad for their essays are essays on religion, politics, social problems, discrimination, and a plethora of other topics. These topics and essays are so famous because they allow for students to explore aspects of society that they have never given much thought to before.Students love to talk about these topics as it allows them to express ideas that they might not feel comfortable expressing otherwise. For example, if they see discrimination in the world today, they will be able to discuss this topic with a more open mindset, and they may be able to formulate a better solution than if they were to do an essay on such topics themselves.It is essential that you find well-written essay topics that are centered around certain topics that you want to research further. Take for example the topic on religion. If you are trying to tackle the issue of sexism in today's society, you might want to go after the issue of religion.As the title of this article suggests, these topic areas will help you get an idea of how people think about certain issues. This means that you can choose topics that are topical topics will allow you to get into those more advanced concepts in the language that you have never really dealt with before. Even if you write about something that is already well known, your essay will give you a fresh perspective on the topic, and you will hopefully come up with a more useful and interesting solution.When you start researching for essay topics, you may want to do a quick Internet search and you will discover that there are a number of resources on the Internet that will give you access to many topics to research. One of the best resources that you can look at is the topic research center. By using the topic research center, you will be able to gather ideas from other sources, wh ich will help you to create more interesting topics that you can use as a launching pad for your essay.Research also has to be done by the individual who is doing the research. As an instructor, it is important that you find subjects that you feel are worth researching. If you have researched everything that you know about one of the subjects discussed in the essay, it would be okay to introduce another topic to further make the essay more interesting.Therefore, as your future teachers, make sure that you ensure that your students will have topics that they can use as a jumping off point for their essays. This will not only help students come up with a more interesting essay, but it will also help you to write more informative essays in the future. It is up to you to determine the topics that you will explore for your students.

The eNotes Blog New Essay Help! A Round-Up of the Weeks BestQA

New Essay Help! A Round-Up of the Weeks BestQA Hey eNoters! Do you have papers coming up? Would you like some help with that? (Youre all nodding your heads, arent you?) Well, hey presto, youre in luck! Weve just added twenty recommended questions to our Essay Lab topic that are sure to help you conquer that tough persuasive essay or that seemingly insurmountable research paper. Here you can find answers to such questions as How can I best quote from and cite a source in an essay? How can I write a thesis for an essay? What are some tips for writing a high-scoring SAT essay? What are some tips for writing a college application essay/personal statement? How do you structure an MLA page? There, now no more scrounging around on search engines, reading through mounds of inexpert writing help. Our team of qualified teachers and professors have you covered! You can read all of our recommended Essay Lab questions here. Looking for something more specific? You can ask an essay question of our editors whenever, wherever, completely free of charge. You can even post a paragraph from your draft to receive feedback and guidance. Getting an A is easy when you ask for help in the right place.

Pantsers and Plotters Which Are You (And Why It Matters)

Pantsers and Plotters Which Are You (And Why It Matters) Two Types of Writers: Plotters and Pantsers Writing has always been a passion for the UK-based former journalist Amanda Wills, who now works part-time as a police press officer. Her latest book, Flick Henderson and the Deadly Game, was published in December last year, with a cover design courtesy of Reedsy artist Rachel Lawston. In this article, she talks about two types of writers, Plotters and Pantsers, and the pros and cons of both. Plotter or PantserDo you plan your novel to the nth degree before you type a single word, or do you sit at your computer, take a deep breath and fly by the seat of your pants? If the former, you’re a Plotter; if the latter, you’re a Pantser. Plotters plan novels to the nth degree. Pantsers fly by the seat of their pants and just write. We all know there are pros and cons to both. Knowing exactly what’s coming next means that Plotters are less likely to suffer from writer’s block. They also tend to write faster and more efficiently. Pantsers, on the other hand, have the freedom to let their characters take control, which can be both terrifying and exciting at the same time.I should say now that I am your typical Pantser. Don’t get me wrong, I am in awe of writers who spend months plotting scenes on timelines and building detailed biographies for their characters. When I start a book, I know how it begins, and I normally know how it’s going to end. It’s just the bit in the middle that’s, shall we say, fluid. I then spent about a week playing a kind of story jigsaw, rearranging the scenes until Kate’s disappearance became the main plot and the disappearing pets became the sub-plot.This kind of low-tech approach might not be for everyone, but it worked for me. It helped me spot continuity problems and holes in the story. It became blindingly obvious where I needed more action, and where I needed to slow the pace down.And once I had the scenes in the right order it was a pretty straightforward task to reassemble them on my Word document.Flick Henderson and the Deadly Game was released both as a paperback and ebook this past December, nearly three years after I had that first seed of an idea.Do I regret not plotting the book properly in the first place? Probably. I’m sure it would have saved a lot of time. I’ll definitely use the giant word jigsaw approach again. Being able to play with scenes in such a tangible way was immensely useful.Will I spend weeks planning every scene, every plot point, every nuance, every character arc, before I start writing my next book? Probably not. I’m a Pantser by nature. But one thing I have learned is that a little planning goes a long way.So that is exactly what I plan to do. As a writer, I'm a Pantser. But I've learned that a little planning takes  your book  a long way. Flick Henderson and the Deadly Game is available on Amazon in paperback and on Amazon Kindle!Are you a Plotter or a Pantser? Or, like Amanda, have you found a way to straddle both styles of writing? Let us know, and leave any thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Amanda in the comments below.

HILTON HOTELS AND RESORTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HILTON HOTELS AND RESORTS - Essay Example The tourism industry also falls in the hospitality. The hospitality industry is entirely dependent on the availability of individual’s leisure time and disposable income. The hotels and resorts seek to maximize the number of customers to their facilities in order to capitalize on profitability. To ensure a constant flow of customers, most of the hotels and restaurants today have engaged the services of hotel brokers. The brokers utilize business networks and other advertisement channels to create awareness of the hotels, restaurants and other fields of the hospitality industry’s services. Location and quality services are two essential factors that establish the competitiveness of any field in the hospitality industry. Other factors that helps the organizations gain and sustain their competitive advantage include dependability, professionalism and excellent customer experience. The Hilton Hotels and Resorts is an international organization from the hospitality sector th at has existed for over 92 years today. This organization is well known to many people across the globe for its stylish, advanced thinking and an international leader in the hospitality industry. In addition, the organization is famous for its innovative and creative approach to their services, facilities and other products tailor made to suit a variety of needs for their existing and potential customers (Hilton Hotels and Resorts 2013). ... The organization also continues to expand by constructing new hotels properties in different parts of the world while maintaining their quality services (Hilton Hotels and Resorts 2013). The Hilton Resorts are an epitome of quality in the hospitality industry with the best customer experience in the world. The Resorts offer several services to the customers ranging from spas to excellent cuisines. The spa offers all unique services that create the urge in customers to always come back for more (Potter 1999). The Resorts also offer a wide variety of quality to the customer’s with an option of tailor made cuisines on demand. The Resorts also provide unique surroundings and perfect beachside views that form a suitable outdoor sight that is appealing to individuals who prefer relaxing outdoors. To create repeat customers and to enhance loyalty from the existing ones, Hilton Resorts invests on creating good memories of a single visit to their facilities. In addition, the Resorts al so offer specialized treatment and services to periodical visits such as family gateways, romantic couple of vacations, business retreats. The need for such treatment is satisfied by the presence of a Hilton Resort within close proximity to their customers (Hilton Hotels and Resorts 2013). Just like any other organization, the Hilton Hotels and Resorts use an organizational chart that helps in giving all the stakeholders a clear overview of the reporting relationships at the workplace. The charts also provide a general idea of the division of work and levels of management within the organization. Hilton Hotels and Resorts current organizational chart portrays the structural dimensions taken by the management namely formalization, specialization, centralization,

Philadelphia Fight Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philadelphia Fight Organization - Assignment Example Besides just being concerned with the development of research and treatments, the organization provides a home to prevention, education and providing more information services concerning the disease. It has AIDS library and carry out a number of projects which are related to the disease as well as activism in combating the disease (Philadelphia Fight Organization, 2012). The organization is not big enough and it has its operations centered at Philadelphia where it provides the free services to the affected. The organization being a charitable and non profit organization, its hands are tied and can not get involved to activities which can make it get income. This has made the organization to depend entirely on the services of the volunteers which to a certain extent has some challenges. The reliance of the organization to volunteers has made it not to have clear human resource policies making it have challenges when it comes to human resource developments. The staffs do not undergo th orough recruitment since there is lack of money to pay the well qualified personnel. This has been the big challenge that the organization has been experiencing since its inception. The major legal concern of the organization is how to get justice done for the HIV/AIDS victims as many of them are suffering as a result of actions which were beyond them. Some of the victims of HIV they are working with were subjected to that status as result of rape by gangs which were beyond the patient’s control. The organization finds it challenging to get justice for these victims owing to the nature of events which is very difficult to follow. Similarly, the organization lacks the professionalism in dealing with legal challenges affecting the organization as many of the staffs are from medical field and don’t know more about law. This has rendered a legal challenge which the organization has to deal with in attempts to promote justice (Philadelphia Fight Organization, 2012). The org anization can competently deal with these legal concerns through setting a separate entity of staffs which deals with legal matters. This will help in dealing with the legal concerns which will see justice done to the patients who felt victims as a result of actions which were beyond their control. For this exercise to be effective, the organization needs to get experts through recruitment of staffs that can diligently deal with these issues and solve them. It also requires the organization to have money which will be used in recruiting staffs who will be addressing legal issues which are concern to the organization. Addressing legal concern which affects the employees needs experts hence this can only be dealt with through recruiting those suitable for it. The organizations need to take a number of actions into consideration in order to expand into other markets in the international arena. The organization needs to embark on the qualified staffs within its department’s in or der to get good and efficient services. This can begin from recruiting and training of staffs responsible for the human resource in order to equip them with the task they will be carrying out. Training of the staffs will also increase the competency among the human resource personnel which will intern be reflected to other departments resulting to quality of services being rendered by the organization. When the staffs are equipped more so

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness

Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness Contemporary organizations are faced with demands and pressures of ever expanding magnitude that the quest for effective leadership continues to intrigue educators, researchers, and practitioners. In this context, the present paper focuses on the importance of emotional intelligence (EI) in relation to leadership effectiveness. A significant amount of research and attention has been given to identifying relationships between emotional and social intelligence regarding, life satisfaction, personality, social relationships, team performance, education and leadership. Today, in light of the increasingly complex and changing world, researchers have highlighted the need for a new leadership approach. Through research in the area of personal-best experiences, Kouzes and Posners five identified leadership practices, which were identified through studies associated with the stories of leaders who were able to get extraordinary things done in their organizations Underlying Kouzes and Posners Model is the leaders ability to generate, encourage, and promote healthy, reciprocal, and collaborative relationships. This interpersonal or relational aspect of leadership has recently been connected to the emotional intelligence constructs that have gained popularity in recent decades. Emotional intelligence skills provide developing leaders with an increased understanding of the impacts of emotions within a team or organization. Caruso and Salovey demonstrated the advantages EI has with respect to six common challenges in leadership: (a) building effective teams, (b) planning and deciding effectively, (c) motivating people, (d) communicating a vision, (e) promoting change, and (f) creating effective interpersonal relationships. This paper ends by highlighting the impact of Emotional Intelligence in the leadership style of resonant and dissonant leaders. Introduction Contemporary organizations are faced with demands and pressures of ever expanding magnitude that the quest for effective leadership continues to intrigue educators, researchers, and practitioners. Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee (2002) explained that, leaders everywhere confront a set of irrevocable imperatives, changing realities driven by profound social, political, economic, and technological changes. During these changing times, it is most important for organizational leaders to stay attuned to their own emotional reactions to pressures, as well as how those environmental pressures affect their constituents. Hence todays organizations need a transformational change, calling for new leadership. In this context, the present paper focuses on the importance of emotional intelligence (EI) in relation to leadership effectiveness. EI Research The concept of emotional intelligence has gained popularity in recent decades; however, the characteristics and concepts associated with EI are rooted in research conducted throughout the twentieth century. Earlier works identified competencies, other than general intelligence, that contributed to life success. Thorndike (1937) reported the concept of social intelligence. Wechsler (1940) fought for the addition of non-intellective aspects as a measure of general intelligence. Likewise, Leeper (1948) purported that emotional thought should be considered when reviewing the concept of logical thought. However, it was not until the 1980s that the current concepts related to emotional intelligence started to emerge. Gardner (1983) shared a theory of multiple intelligences that encouraged researchers to step outside the notion that human beings are confined to a singular or plural view of intelligence. Gardner purported that there were five more intelligences that were equally important to collective human intelligence: musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence. Within these multiple levels of human development or intelligences, a movement evolved that expanded two particular areas of Gardners approach (i.e., interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences). According to Bar-On (2002), several researchers expanded Gardners interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences into six primary components of emotional intelligence: emotional self-awareness, assertiveness, empathy, interpersonal relationship, stress tolerance, and impulse control. Researchers generally agree that EI addresses ones ability to identify, interpret, and control his or her own emotions, as well as stay in tune with, understand, and relate to the emotions of groups and individuals (Goleman et al., 2002; Bar-On, 2002; Mayer Salovey, 1993). Additionally, EI stems from ones ability to utilize emotional information to appropriately solve problems and make environmentally savvy decisions. In the last two decades of the 20th century and more recently in the 21st century, a significant amount of research and attention has been given to identifying relationships between emotional and social intelligence regarding, life satisfaction (Palmer, Donaldson, Stough, 2002), personality (Higgs Rowland, 2001; Schulte, Ree, Carretta, 2004), social relationships (Lopes, Salovey, Straus, 2003; Massey, 2002), team performance (Rapisarda, 2002), education (Jaeger, 2003; Zeidner, Roberts, Matthews, 2002), outdoor leadership training (Thompson, 2004) and leadership (Goleman, 1998, 2001; Dulewicz Higgs, 2003; Cherniss Goleman, 2001). Leadership Theory Historically, social changes have been charted, coordinated, and led by a few leaders who had the ability to energize and motivate constituents or community members to stand tall, shed fears, and push forward the need for change. Today, in light of the increasingly complex and changing world, researchers have highlighted the need for a new leadership approach (Yukl Lepsinger, 2004; Kouzes Posner, 2002; Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee, 2002). Though researchers have been studying leadership and leadership development since the days of Aristotle and Plato (Leonard, 2003), the study of leadership has been plagued with an overabundance of theories with little common direction (Chemers, 1993; Northhouse, 1997; Day, 2001). Chemers (2000) conducted a historical overview and analysis of leadership theories and concluded that common findings in leadership studies have led to the following three tasks that leaders must achieve to be effective: (a) establish the legitimacy of their authority, (b) coach, guide, and support their constituents in ways that allow for both group and individual goal attainment, and (c) identify and employ the strengths and abilities found in themselves, as well as their constituents, to accomplish the organizational mission. Astin and Astin (2000) called for a leader who can be adaptive and promote creative solutions to modern societal problems. They further explained that to cope effectively and creatively with these emerging national and world trends, future leaders will not only need to possess new knowledge and skills, but will also be called upon to display a high level of emotional and spiritual wisdom and maturity. Hence, there is little doubt that our turbulent world requires a new perspective on leadership (Komives, Lucas, McMahon, 1998). Through research in the area of personal-best experiences, Kouzes and Posners five identified leadership practices, which were identified through studies associated with the stories of leaders who were able to get extraordinary things done in their organizations (Kouzes Posner, 2002). These leadership practices include Modeling the Way, Inspiring a Shared Vision, Challenging the Process, Enabling Others to Act, and Encouraging the Heart. Relational Leadership: Five Practices of Exemplary Leaders Effective leadership is about creating reciprocal relationships between the leader and followers, subordinates, or constituents that in turn creates the foundation for organizational and group success (Bass, 1985; Chemers, 1993; Komives, Lucas, McMahon, 1998; Kouzes Posner, 2003; Potter, Rosenbach Pittman, 2001). The Kouzes and Posners Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership Model has been noted for its contributions to the Relational Leadership paradigm (Komives, Lucas, McMahon, 1998; Endress, 2000; Berg, 2003). Kouzes and Posner (1987) conducted research in the area of personal best leadership experiences. They developed a Personal-Best Leadership Experience questionnaire, asked thousands of managers to complete the questionnaire, and conducted many follow-up interviews to gather additional information. The personal-best questionnaire asked managers to pick a project, program, or event that they characterized as their personal-best leadership experience. After analyzing the data collected from questionnaires and interviews, Kouzes and Posner found that despite the variety in situations and types of leadership experiences, similar patterns were identified related to actions taken by the leaders during the experience. Through the analysis process they identified Five Practices of Exemplary Le adership that contributed to getting extraordinary things done in organizations: Modeling the Way Inspiring a Shared Vision Challenging the Process Enabling Others to Act and (e) Encouraging the Heart. The first practice is Modeling the Way, in which leaders role model the behaviors they want the see in their constituents. Through action and involvement, leaders earn the right to lead and the respect of their followers. The second leadership practice is Inspiring a Shared Vision. This is when the leader imagines what the organization could be and then creates a vision that is attainable and attractive. The leader connects this new vision to the hopes and dreams of his or her constituents to generate passion and enthusiasm for realizing the vision. The third leadership practice is Challenging the Process. Exemplary leaders are pioneers who know that innovation and change involves experimentation, risk, and failure. A leader understands that change can feel uncomfortable and then builds constituent confidence by pursuing change incrementally and by accomplishing small victories. The fourth leadership practice involves Enabling Others to Act. Successful leaders understand that leadership is a team effort and are not afraid to share the leadership process. Leaders foster collaboration and build trust by supporting and encouraging their constituents to do good work. Leaders who are able to build trusting and collaborative relationships find that their constituents are higher performers and even exceed their own personal expectations. Finally, exemplary leaders Encourage the Hearts of their constituents to help them carry on in the face of challenge, frustration, and discouragement. Leaders know that celebrations and rituals, when done with authenticity and from the heart, build a strong sense of collective identity and community spirit that can carry a group through extraordinarily tough times. Relational Leadership and EI Underlying Kouzes and Posners Model of Exemplary Leadership Practices is the leaders ability to generate, encourage, and promote healthy, reciprocal, and collaborative relationships. This interpersonal or relational aspect of leadership has recently been connected to the emotional intelligence constructs that have gained popularity in recent decades (Mayer Salovey, 1997; Bar-On, 2002; Goleman, 1995). Researchers agree that there is considerable overlap between relational leadership and EI competencies in both content analysis and empirical evidence (Higgs, 2002; Dulewicz Higgs, 2003). Goleman (1998) made connections between emotional intelligence and leadership practices in which he boldly claimed that highly emotionally intelligent leaders and work teams contribute significantly to the overall success and bottom line of the organization. Goleman, et al. (2002), when talking about building a culture of change in an organization, assert the following: Emotionally intelligent leaders know how to manage their disruptive emotions so that they can keep their focus, thinking clearly under pressure. They do not wait for crisis to catalyze a need for change; they stay flexible, adapting to new realities ahead of the pack rather than just reacting to the crisis of the day. Even in the midst of vast change, they can see their way to a brighter future, communicate a vision with resonance, and lead the way. Positive emotional leadership is a necessity in times of chaos and change because constituents closely examine and then emulate or mirror their leaders behaviors and actions (Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee, 2002). In other words, constituents, either consciously or unconsciously, react to a leaders verbal and non-verbal responses to a specific crisis or challenge (Caruso Salovey, 2004). Dulewicz and Higgs (2003), identified common EI elements that have been linked to effective leadership characteristics: (a) self-awareness, (b) emotional resilience, (c) motivation, (d) interpersonal sensitivity, (e) influence, (f) intuitiveness, and (g) conscientiousness and integrity. Ultimately, leadership is a social and emotional process, and effective leaders are able to harness those social and emotional ties to successfully pilot organizations through chaos and rapid change. EI and Leadership Challenges Emotional intelligence skills provide developing leaders with an increased understanding of the impacts of emotions within a team or organization. Caruso and Salovey (2004) demonstrated the advantages EI has with respect to six common challenges in leadership: (a) building effective teams, (b) planning and deciding effectively, (c) motivating people, (d) communicating a vision, (e) promoting change, and (f) creating effective interpersonal relationships. Throughout Caruso and Saloveys descriptions of the six challenges, they cited a connection with Kouzes and Posners Effective Leadership Practices Model. 1. Building effective teams The first challenge was building an effective team. Caruso and Salovey discussed the need for clarifying personal values before attempting to formulate team values. Like Kouzes and Posners model, Caruso and Salovey explained that leaders must identify their own values before clarifying team values. A significant level of trust is important for leading teams, and a leader must generate positive opportunities for meaningful team communication and interaction. Additionally, a leader must have significant self-confidence to give team members credit for accomplishments and not blame them when shortfalls occur. 2. Planning and deciding effectively Caruso and Salovey went on to explain that even though planning and decision-making can seem cognitive and practical, emotions contribute significantly to these activities. Emotionally intelligent leaders possess the ability to remain flexible and open to other alternatives. Additionally, EI leaders take into account how their team members may react to a decision, and then attempt to make decisions that will fit in with the shared values of the team. In the end, this type of flexible decision-making will contribute to the successful implementation of the decision. 3. Motivating people Every leader at one point or another is faced with the question of how to motivate a team. Caruso and Salovey cited Kouzes and Posners (2002) encouraging the heart model as a significant contribution to motivating a team. When a leader expresses appreciation for the accomplishments of team members, they are in many ways providing that added incentive for future successes. Caruso and Salovey also explained that it is important for a leader to celebrate team member successes without promoting or encouraging envy throughout the team. 4. Communicating a vision Furthermore, communication is among the most difficult challenges to leadership. EI leaders base their communication efforts on delivering a message [they] want to deliver and delivering it in such a way that is heard and understood by others. Communication also entails a leaders vision for the future. Caruso and Salovey emphasized that because an EI leader has the ability to understand and empathize with group feelings, he or she will be successful in encouraging team members to buy into their vision of the future. 5. Promoting change In light of rapid worldly changes, a leaders ability to facilitate and encourage change has been a hot topic recently (e.g., Kotter, 1995; Higgs Rowland, 2001). Caruso and Salovey (2004) explained that EI leaders challenge the status quo through innovation, experimentation, and risk-taking. They further explained that most people are resistant to change; however, EI leaders identify, empathize with, and acknowledge resistance and then communicate the need for change and clarify a road map toward successful implementation. 6. Creating effective interpersonal relationships Building effective interpersonal relationships is the foundation of the emotionally intelligent leader. Caruso and Salovey (2004) explained that effective interpersonal relationships include both positive feedback and sincere criticism (p. 209). EI leaders are able to generate relationships that are healthy and mature enough for members to express honest and tactful reactions with other members. Caruso and Salovey explained that emotions contain data and [those] data are primarily communicating information about people and relationships. Being accurately aware of emotions and their meaning provides the emotional intelligent manager with a solid base of understanding of themselves and of others. Along with understanding and interpreting emotions, it is equally important for leaders to understand the impact of emotions on individual and organizational performance. EI and Resonant / Dissonant leaders Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee (2002) shared two leadership styles that relate both positively and negatively to emotional intelligence and contribute significantly to productivity and work satisfaction: dissonance and resonance. Goleman, et al. explained that a dissonant leadership style demonstrated characteristics that are not emotionally effective or supportive within an organization. A dissonant leader is one who offends constituents and creates an unhealthy and unproductive emotional environment within the organization. They described dissonant leaders as leaders who are so out of touch with the feelings of their constituents that they create a negative environment, which in turn moves the organizations attitude toward that leader on a downward spiral from frustration to resentment, rancor to rage. Dissonant leaders were also described as authoritarian, untrustworthy, uncooperative with constituents, unharmonious with the group, abusive, and humiliating. Resonant leaders, on the other hand, project an emotional atmosphere that is comfortable, cooperative, supportive, and enthusiastic. They inspire shared values and rally people around a worthy goal. Goleman, et al. described four leadership styles that build resonance within the organization: (a) visionary moves people towards a shared dream, (b) coaching connects personal desires with organizational goals, (c) affiliative creates harmony by connecting people to each other, and (d) democratic values input and builds commitment through participation. As mentioned earlier within the area of modeling, the concept of mirroring in relationship to resonance and dissonance within the organization is very important when a leader reacts to both positive and negative situations. When a leader reacts to a negative situation in a concerned but positive fashion, his or her behavior becomes a model which the rest of the organization can follow. Goleman, et al. explained that leaders within organizations are observed for acceptance or rejection to thoughts, projects, or ideas. If a leader shows any nonverbal or verbal gestures, constituents quickly notice and react to those gestures. Emotionally intelligent leaders realize and understand how their emotional reaction can guide and steer the emotions of the entire organization. This concept of resonant and dissonant leadership styles is one example of the power of the emotional climate within an organization. Emotional intelligence has been linked to a number of additional factors associated wit h effective leadership (Goleman, 1998; Kouzes Posner, 2002; Dulewicz Higgs, 2003). Conclusion With the identified benefits of emotional intelligence related to creating and developing positive relationships, combined with the understanding that positive relationships are the core of effective leadership, the idea of emotional intelligence and effective leadership is one that has been well established in the literature. Researchers have started to develop and assess developmental programs for emotional intelligence that coincide with leadership development programs and initiatives. The question most pertinent to those involved research and practice in the area of leadership development is the process by which leaders learn about emotions and the power of emotion on leadership success.